The Cannes Festival (; French: Festival de Cannes), named until 2002 as the International Film Festival (Festival international du film) and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries from all around the world. Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually (usually in May) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès.[1]
On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+, Pierre Lescure, took over as President of the Festival, while Thierry Fremaux became the General Delegate. The board of directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the Festival.[2][3]
The 2018 Cannes Film Festival took place between 8 and 19 May 2018. The jury president was Australian actress Cate Blanchett, and Shoplifters, directed by Hirokazu Kore-eda, won the Palme d'Or.[4]
History[edit]
The early years[edit]
The Cannes Film Festival has its origins in 1932 when Jean Zay, the French Minister of National Education, on the proposal of historian Philippe Erlanger and with the support of the British and Americans, set up an international cinematographic festival. Its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with the Venice Film Festival, which at the time was shocking the democratic world by its fascist bias.[5] The first festival was planned for 1939, Cannes was selected as the location for it, but the funding and organization were too slow and finally the beginning of World War II put an end to this plan.[6]
On 20 September 1946, twenty-one countries presented their films at the First Cannes International Film Festival, which took place at the former Casino of Cannes.[7] In 1947, amid serious problems of efficiency, the festival was held as the "Festival du film de Cannes", where films from sixteen countries were presented. The festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. In 1949, the Palais des Festivals was expressly constructed for the occasion on the seafront promenade of La Croisette, although its inaugural roof, while still unfinished, blew off during a storm. In 1951, the festival was moved to spring to avoid a direct competition with the Venice Festival which was held in autumn.[6]
1950s and 1960s[edit]
During the early 1950s, the festival attracted a lot of tourism and press attention, with showbiz scandals and high-profile personalities' love affairs. At the same time, the artistic aspect of the festival started developing. Because of controversies over the selection of films, the Critics' Prize was created for the recognition of original films and daring filmmakers. In 1954, the Special Jury Prize was awarded for the first time. In 1955, the Palme d'Or was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Río was the first female member of the jury for the official selection.[8]
In 1959, the Marché du Film (Film Market) was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce. Still, in the 1950s, some outstanding films, like Night and Fog in 1956 and Hiroshima, My Love in 1959 were excluded from the competition for diplomatic concerns. Jean Cocteau, three times president of the jury in those years, is quoted to have said: "The Cannes Festival should be a no man's land in which politics has no place. It should be a simple meeting between friends."[9][10]
In 1962, the International Critics' Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors from all over the world, not succumbing to commercial tendencies. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, and he was named Honorary President for life[citation needed]. That year Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the jury, while the next year Sofia Loren became president.[11]
The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May. Some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. On 18 May filmmaker Louis Malle along with a group of directors took over the large room of the Palais and interrupted the projections in solidarity with students and labour on strike throughout France,[12] and in protest to the eviction of the then President of the Cinémathèque Française. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors' Society (SRF) that same year.[13] In 1969 the SRF, led by Pierre-Henri Deleau created the Directors' Fortnight (Quinzaine des Réalisateurs), a new non-competitive section that programs a selection of films from around the world, distinguished by the independent judgment displayed in the choice of films.[14]
1970s and 1980s[edit]
During the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President, and Maurice Bessy the General Delegate. He introduced important changes in the selection of the participating films, welcoming new techniques, and relieving the selection from diplomatic pressures, with films like MASH, and later Chronicle of the Years of Fire marking this turn. In some cases, these changes helped directors like Tarkovski overcome problems of censorship in their own country.[15] Also, until that time, the different countries chose the films that would represent them in the festival. Yet, in 1972, Bessy created a committee to select French films, and another for foreign films.[16]
In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the position of General Delegate, introducing the Caméra d'Or award, for the best first film of any of the main events, and the Un Certain Regard section, for the non-competitive categories. Other changes were the decrease of length of the festival down to thirteen days, thus reducing the number of selected films; also, until that point the Jury was composed by Film Academics, and Jacob started to introduce celebrities and professionals from the film industry.[17]
In 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the festival, while the Directors' Fortnight remained in the old building. The new building was nicknamed "The Bunker", provoking a lot of criticism, especially since it was hardly finished at the event and several technical problems occurred.[18] In 1984 Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival.[19] In his term, the Festival started including films from more countries, like Philippines, China, Cuba, Australia, India, New Zealand and Argentina. In 1987, for the first time of the Festival, a red carpet was placed at the entrance of the Palais. In 1989, during the first Cinéma & liberté forum, hundred directors from many countries signed a declaration "against all forms of censorship still existing in the world".[20]
Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore.
1990s to the present[edit]
In 1998, Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection: la Cinéfondation, aiming to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities.[21] The Cinéfondation was completed in 2000 with La Résidence, where young directors could refine their writing and screenplays, and in 2005 L'Atelier, which helps twenty directors per year with the funding of their films. Gilles Jacob was appointed Honorary President in 2000, and in 2002, the Festival officially adopted the name Festival de Cannes.[22][23]
During the 2000s, the Festival started focusing more on the technological advances taking place in the film world, especially the digital techniques. In 2004 the restored historical films of the Festival were presented as Cannes Classics, which included documentaries. In 2007 Thierry Frémaux became General Delegate. In 2009 he extended the Festival in Buenos Aires, as La Semana de Cine del Festival de Cannes, and in 2010 he created the Cannes Court Métrage for the Short Film competition.
Festival Director Thierry Fremaux is known to have ‘banned’ selfies on the Red Carpet of the world’s largest Film Festival back in 2015. [24]
In 2017, along with the 70th anniversary events of the Festival, the issue of changing the rules on theatrical screening caused controversy.[25] The enforcement of theatrical screening in 2018 resulted in Netflix being banned.[26]
Programmes[edit]
The Cannes Film Festival is organised in various sections:[27]
- The Official Selection – The main event of the festival.
- In Competition – The twenty films competing for the Palme d'Or. They are projected in the Théâtre Lumière.
- Un Certain Regard – Twenty films selected from cultures near and far; original and different works. They are projected at the Salle Debussy.
- Out of Competition – These films are also projected in the Théâtre Lumière but do not compete for the main prize.
- Special Screenings – The selection committee chooses for these films an environment specially adapted to their particular identity.
- Cinéfondation – About fifteen shorts and medium-length motion pictures from film schools over the world are presented at the Salle Buñuel.
- Short Films – The shorts competing for the Short Film Palme d'Or are presented at Buñuel and Debussy theatres. There are approximately 10 films in this competition.
- Cannes Classics – It celebrates the heritage of film, aiming to highlight works of the past, presented with brand new or restored prints.
- Cinéma de la Plage – Screening of Cannes Classics and Out of Competition films for the mass public on Macé beach, preceded by a programme dedicated to film music.
- Parallel Sections – These are non-competitive programmes dedicated to discovering other aspects of cinema.
- International Critics' Week – From 1962, it focuses on discovering new talents and showcases first and second feature films by directors from all over the world.
- Directors' Fortnight – From 1969, it cast its lot with the avant-garde, even as it created a breeding ground where the Cannes Festival would regularly find its prestigious auteurs.
- Tous les Cinémas du Monde – It showcases the vitality and diversity of cinema across the world. Each day, one country is invited to present a range of features and shorts in celebration of its unique culture, identity and recent film works.
- Caméra d'Or – It rewards the best first film of the Festival, choosing among the debutants' works among the Official Selection, the Directors' Fortnight and the International Critics' Week selections.
- Other Sections – Produced by outside organisations during the Cannes Festival.
- ACID (Association for Independent Cinema and its Distribution)
- Events
- Marché du Film – The busiest movie market in the world.
- Masterclasses – Given in public by world-renowned filmmakers.
- Tributes – Honors internationally renowned artists with the presentation of the Festival Trophee following the screening of one of their films.
- Producers Network – An opportunity to make international co-productions.
- Exhibitions – Each year, an artist, a body of work or a cinematographic theme becomes the focus of an exhibition that diversifies or illustrates the event's programme.
- 60th Anniversary – Events organised in 2007 dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Festival.
Authorities of the Festival[edit]
| Year
|
President
|
General Delegate
|
Gen. Secretary
|
| 1949
|
–
|
–
|
Jean Touzet
|
| 1952
|
Robert Favre Le Bret
|
| 1972
|
Robert
Favre Le Bret
|
Maurice Bessy
|
| 1978
|
Gilles Jacob
|
| 1984
|
Pierre Viot
|
| 1985
|
Michel P. Bonnet
|
| 1991
|
François
Erlenbach
|
| 2001
|
Gilles Jacob
|
General Director
Véronique Cayla
|
Artistic Delegate
Thierry Frémaux
|
| 2005
|
Catherine Démier
|
| 2007
|
Thierry Frémaux
|
| 2014
|
Pierre Lescure
|
| 2017
|
The President of the Festival, who represents the Festival in front of its financial partners, the public authorities and the media, is elected by the board of directors of the Festival, officially named the "French Association of the Film Festival". The Board is composed of authorities of the world of cinema, as well as of public authorities which subsidize the event. The President has a renewable 3-year mandate and appoints the members of his team, including the General Delegate, with the approval of the board of directors.[28] Sometimes a President, after his last term, becomes the Honorary President of the Festival.
The General Delegate is responsible for the coordination of the events. When Gilles Jacob passed from General Delegate to the position of the President, in 2001, two new positions were created to take over his former post, the General Director to oversee the smooth running of the event, and the Artistic Director, responsible for the selection of films. However, in 2007, the Artistic Director Thierry Fremaux, became again the General Delegate of the Festival.
The general secretary is responsible for the reception of works and other practical matters.
Prior to the beginning of each event, the Festival's board of directors appoints the juries who hold sole responsibility for choosing which films will receive a Cannes award. Jurors are chosen from a wide range of international artists, based on their body of work and respect from their peers.[29] The appointment of the President of the Jury is made following several annual management proposals made in the fall and submitted to the Festival's board of directors for validation.[30]
- Feature Films – An international jury composed of a President and various film or art personalities, who determine the prizes for the feature films in Competition.
- Cinéfondation and Short Films – Composed of a President and four film personalities. It awards the Short Film Palme d'Or as well as the three best films of the Cinéfondation.
- Un Certain Regard – Composed of a President, journalists, students in cinema, and industry professionals. It awards the Un Certain Regard Prize for best film and can, moreover, honour two other films.
- Caméra d'Or – Composed of a President, as well as film directors, technicians, and French and international critics. They award the best film in any category.
The jury meets annually at the historic Villa Domergue to select the winners.[31]
The most prestigious award given at Cannes is the Palme d'Or ("Golden Palm") for the best film.
- Competition
- Other Sections
- Given by Independent Entities
The festival has become an important showcase for European films. Jill Forbes and Sarah Street argue in European Cinema: An Introduction (ISBN 0333752104), that Cannes "became...extremely important for critical and commercial interests and for European attempts to sell films on the basis of their artistic quality" (page 20).[34] Forbes and Street also point out that, along with other festivals such as the Venice Film Festival and Berlin International Film Festival, Cannes offers an opportunity to determine a particular country's image of its cinema and generally foster the notion that European cinema is "art" cinema.[34]
Additionally, given massive media exposure, the non-public festival is attended by many movie stars and is a popular venue for film producers to launch their new films and to attempt to sell their works to the distributors who come from all over the globe.
Gender discrimination and sexual harassment controversies[edit]
In recent years a number of gender and sexual controversies has surrounded the Cannes Film Festival. These include “Heelgate” in which numerous female attendees of a red carpet premiere were stopped from entering in 2015 for wearing flat soled shoes instead of high heels.[35] The incident caused numerous female celebrities to wear flat soled shoes or no shoes at all to other red carpet premiers in a show of solidarity and protest.[36]
A number of high-profile directors and producers have also been accused of sexual harassment and abuse at past festivals. According to an accusation of rape involving Harvey Weinstein, it has allegedly happened at the Venice festival.[37]
As a result of the past sexual controversies and the #MeToo movement that arose out of the Harvey Weinstein scandal, in 2018, Cannes Film Festival officials announced the creation of a telephone hotline during the festival in which victims could report incidents of sexual harassment and other crimes.[38] The hotline is in collaboration with the French government.[39]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Presentation of the Palais". palaisdesfestivals.com. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- ^ "Cannes Film Festival Names Pierre Lescure President". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
- ^ "Pierre Lescure elected President of the Festival de Cannes". Festival de Cannes. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ "Cannes 2018: Hirokazu Kore-eda's Shoplifters wins the Palme d'Or – as it happened". theguardian.com. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
- ^ "First Cannes Film Festival". history.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013.
- ^ a b "1938–1951: The birth of the Festival". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "1st Cannes Film Festival". Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
- ^ "Honoring the Female Trailblazers of Cannes /2. Dolores del Río". harpersbazaar.com. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- ^ "Festival de Cannes – Festival History". festival-cannes.fr. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007.
- ^ "1952–1959: Celebrities, politics and the film world". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "1960–1968: The growing legitimacy of cinema and a world of new horizons". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "1968 Cannes Festival". cannes-fest.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "The Fortnight in action". quinzaine-realisateurs.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "Directors' Fortnight". Directors' Fortnight website. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ "1969–1977: A Festival that moves with the times". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
- ^ "1972 – Tout le monde il est beau, tout le monde il est gentil". cannes-fest.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "1978 – Cannes, Le Retour". Cannes-fest.com. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "1983 – Le Festival blessé". Cannes-fest.com archive. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "1978–1986: A wind of change". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "The History of the Festival / The 80s: The Modern Era". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- ^ "Presentation". Cinéfondation. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "1987–1996: The first Palme d'Or for a woman director". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "1997-today: The Festival enters a new century". fresques.ina.fr. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "'I am so Pathetic: I Took a Selfie at the Red Carpet' at the Cannes Film Festival=Ikon London Magazine". Retrieved 2017-05-17.
- ^ "Netflix Defends Strategy at Cannes: 'The Culture Is Changing'". nytimes.com. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- ^ Chiu, Allyson (26 March 2018). "Cannes Film Festival bans Netflix films from competition. Also, no more selfies". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ "Festival de Cannes – Official Site". Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ "Pierre Lescure officiellement à la tête du Festival de Cannes". LeMond.fr (in French). Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Le président du Festival de Cannes est élu par le conseil d'administration de l'Association française du Festival international du film. Cette instance compte vingt-huit membres et repose sur un subtil équilibre entre le monde du cinéma et les pouvoirs publics, qui subventionnent l'événement.
- ^ "Festival de Cannes: Juries". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
- ^ "Festival de Cannes: Juries". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015.
- ^ "Patrimoine: Villa Domergue". Site officiel de la Ville de Cannes. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
- ^ "Pixar pooch picks Up Cannes prize". BBC News. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
- ^ "Transgender activist Pascale Ourbih on Cannes gay prize jury". On Top Magazine. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
- ^ a b Forbes, Jill; Street, Sarah (2001). European Cinema: An Introduction. London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-333-75210-4.
- ^ Film, Telegraph (9 May 2016). "Heelgate and beyond: 13 controversial Cannes moments". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
- ^ "Controversy at Cannes: When the festival made news for all the wrong reasons". hindustantimes.com. 2017-05-16. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
- ^ Davies, Caroline; Khomami, Nadia (21 October 2017). "Harvey Weinstein: a list of the women who have accused him". the Guardian. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
- ^ Keslassy, Elsa (27 April 2018). "Cannes Film Festival to Create Hotline for Sexual Harassment Victims (Report)". Variety. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
- ^ "Cannes film festival to open anti-sexual predator hotline". RFI. 2018-04-27. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
Further reading[edit]
- Books
External links[edit]
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Coordinates: 43°33′03.10″N 7°01′02.10″E / 43.5508611°N 7.0172500°E / 43.5508611; 7.0172500
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