IEEE 802.11ac

IEEE 802.11ac is a wireless networking standard in the 802.11 family (which is marketed under the brand name Wi-Fi), developed in the IEEE Standards Association, providing high-throughput wireless local area networks (WLANs) on the 5 GHz band. The standard was developed from 2008 (PAR approved 2008-09-26) through 2013 and published in December 2013 (ANSI approved 2013-12-11).^[1]^[2]

The specification has multi-station throughput of at least 1 gigabit per second and single-link throughput of at least 500 megabits per second (500 Mbit/s). This is accomplished by extending the air-interface concepts embraced by 802.11n: wider RF bandwidth (up to 160 MHz), more MIMO spatial streams (up to eight), downlink multi-user MIMO (up to four clients), and high-density modulation (up to 256-QAM).^[3]^[4]

The first 802.11ac products from 2013 are referred to as Wave 1, and the newer higher bandwidth products introduced in 2016 are referred to as Wave 2.^[5]

New technologies[edit]

New technologies introduced with 802.11ac include the following:^[4]^[6]

Extended channel binding
- Optional 160 MHz and mandatory 80 MHz channel bandwidth for stations; cf. 40 MHz maximum in 802.11n.
More MIMO spatial streams
- Support for up to eight spatial streams (vs. four in 802.11n)
Downlink multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO, allows up to four simultaneous downlink MU-MIMO clients)
- Multiple STAs, each with one or more antennas, transmit or receive independent data streams simultaneously.
  - Space-division multiple access (SDMA): streams not separated by frequency, but instead resolved spatially, analogous to 11n-style MIMO.
- Downlink MU-MIMO (one transmitting device, multiple receiving devices) included as an optional mode.
Modulation
- 256-QAM, rate 3/4 and 5/6, added as optional modes (vs. 64-QAM, rate 5/6 maximum in 802.11n).
- Some vendors offer a non-standard 1024-QAM mode, providing 25% higher data rate compared to 256-QAM
Other elements/features
- Beamforming with standardized sounding and feedback for compatibility between vendors (non-standard in 802.11n made it hard for beamforming to work effectively between different vendor products)
- MAC modifications (mostly to support above changes)
- Coexistence mechanisms for 20, 40, 80, and 160 MHz channels, 11ac and 11a/n devices
- Adds four new fields to the PPDU header identifying the frame as a very high throughput (VHT) frame as opposed to 802.11n's high throughput (HT) or earlier. The first three fields in the header are readable by legacy devices to allow coexistence

Features[edit]

Mandatory[edit]

Borrowed from the 802.11a/802.11g specifications:
- 800 ns regular guard interval
- Binary convolutional coding (BCC)
- Single spatial stream
Newly introduced by the 802.11ac specification:
- 80 MHz channel bandwidths

Optional[edit]

Borrowed from the 802.11n specification:
- Two to four spatial streams
- Low-density parity-check code (LDPC)
- Space–time block coding (STBC)
- Transmit beamforming (TxBF)
- 400 ns short guard interval (SGI)
Newly introduced by the 802.11ac specification:
- five to eight spatial streams
- 160 MHz channel bandwidths (contiguous 80+80)
- 80+80 MHz channel bonding (discontiguous 80+80)
- MCS 8/9 (256-QAM)

New scenarios and configurations[edit]

The single-link and multi-station enhancements supported by 802.11ac enable several new WLAN usage scenarios, such as simultaneous streaming of HD video to multiple clients throughout the home, rapid synchronization and backup of large data files, wireless display, large campus/auditorium deployments, and manufacturing floor automation.^[7]

With the inclusion of USB 3.0 interface, 802.11ac access points and routers can use locally attached storage to provide various services that fully utilize their WLAN capacities, such as video streaming, FTP servers, and personal cloud services.^[8] With storage locally attached through USB 2.0, filling the bandwidth made available by 802.11ac was not easily accomplished.

Example configurations[edit]

All rates assume 256-QAM, rate 5/6:

Scenario	Typical client form factor	PHY link rate	Aggregate capacity (speed)
One-antenna AP, one-antenna STA, 80 MHz	Handheld	433 Mbit/s	433 Mbit/s
Two-antenna AP, two-antenna STA, 80 MHz	Tablet, laptop	867 Mbit/s	867 Mbit/s
One-antenna AP, one-antenna STA, 160 MHz	Handheld	867 Mbit/s	867 Mbit/s
Three-antenna AP, three-antenna STA, 80 MHz	Laptop, PC	1.27 Gbit/s	1.27 Gbit/s
Two-antenna AP, two-antenna STA, 160 MHz	Tablet, laptop	1.69 Gbit/s	1.69 Gbit/s
Four-antenna AP, four one-antenna STAs, 160 MHz (MU-MIMO)	Handheld	867 Mbit/s to each STA	3.39 Gbit/s
Eight-antenna AP, 160 MHz (MU-MIMO) one four-antenna STA one two-antenna STA two one-antenna STAs	Digital TV, Set-top Box, Tablet, Laptop, PC, Handheld	3.39 Gbit/s to four-antenna STA 1.69 Gbit/s to two-antenna STA 867 Mbit/s to each one-antenna STA	6.77 Gbit/s
Eight-antenna AP, four 2-antenna STAs, 160 MHz (MU-MIMO)	Digital TV, tablet, laptop, PC	1.69 Gbit/s to each STA	6.77 Gbit/s

Wave 1 vs. Wave 2[edit]

Wave 2, referring to products introduced in 2016, offers a higher throughput than legacy Wave 1 products, those introduced starting in 2013. The PHY (physical) theoretical rate for Wave 1 maxes out at 1.3 Gbps, while Wave 2 can be 2.34 Gbps. Wave 2 can therefore reach Gigabit speeds even if the real world throughput turns out to be only 50% of the theoretical rate. Wave 2 also supports a higher number of connected devices.^[5]

Data rates and speed[edit]

Modulation and coding schemes
MCS index^[a]	Spatial Streams	Modulation type	Coding rate	Data rate (in Mbit/s)^[9]^[b]
				20 MHz channels		40 MHz channels		80 MHz channels		160 MHz channels
				800 ns GI	400 ns GI	800 ns GI	400 ns GI	800 ns GI	400 ns GI	800 ns GI	400 ns GI
0	1	BPSK	1/2	6.5	7.2	13.5	15	29.3	32.5	58.5	65
1	1	QPSK	1/2	13	14.4	27	30	58.5	65	117	130
2	1	QPSK	3/4	19.5	21.7	40.5	45	87.8	97.5	175.5	195
3	1	16-QAM	1/2	26	28.9	54	60	117	130	234	260
4	1	16-QAM	3/4	39	43.3	81	90	175.5	195	351	390
5	1	64-QAM	2/3	52	57.8	108	120	234	260	468	520
6	1	64-QAM	3/4	58.5	65	121.5	135	263.3	292.5	526.5	585
7	1	64-QAM	5/6	65	72.2	135	150	292.5	325	585	650
8	1	256-QAM	3/4	78	86.7	162	180	351	390	702	780
9	1	256-QAM	5/6	N/A	N/A	180	200	390	433.3	780	866.7
0	2	BPSK	1/2	13	14.4	27	30	58.5	65	117	130
1	2	QPSK	1/2	26	28.9	54	60	117	130	234	260
2	2	QPSK	3/4	39	43.3	81	90	175.5	195	351	390
3	2	16-QAM	1/2	52	57.8	108	120	234	260	468	520
4	2	16-QAM	3/4	78	86.7	162	180	351	390	702	780
5	2	64-QAM	2/3	104	115.6	216	240	468	520	936	1040
6	2	64-QAM	3/4	117	130.3	243	270	526.5	585	1053	1170
7	2	64-QAM	5/6	130	144.4	270	300	585	650	1170	1300
8	2	256-QAM	3/4	156	173.3	324	360	702	780	1404	1560
9	2	256-QAM	5/6	N/A	N/A	360	400	780	866.7	1560	1733.4
0	3	BPSK	1/2	19.5	21.7	40.5	45	87.8	97.5	175.5	195
1	3	QPSK	1/2	39	43.3	81	90	175.5	195	351	390
2	3	QPSK	3/4	58.5	65	121.5	135	263.3	292.5	526.5	585
3	3	16-QAM	1/2	78	86.7	162	180	351	390	702	780
4	3	16-QAM	3/4	117	130	243	270	526.5	585	1053	1170
5	3	64-QAM	2/3	156	173.3	324	360	702	780	1404	1560
6	3	64-QAM	3/4	175.5	195	364.5	405	N/A	N/A	1579.5	1755
7	3	64-QAM	5/6	195	216.7	405	450	877.5	975	1755	1950
8	3	256-QAM	3/4	234	260	486	540	1053	1170	2106	2340
9	3	256-QAM	5/6	260	288.9	540	600	1170	1300	2340	2600
0	4	BPSK	1/2	26	28.8	54	60	117.2	130	234	260
1	4	QPSK	1/2	52	57.6	108	120	234	260	468	520
2	4	QPSK	3/4	78	86.8	162	180	351.2	390	702	780
3	4	16-QAM	1/2	104	115.6	216	240	468	520	936	1040
4	4	16-QAM	3/4	156	173.2	324	360	702	780	1404	1560
5	4	64-QAM	2/3	208	231.2	432	480	936	1040	1872	2080
6	4	64-QAM	3/4	234	260	486	540	1053.2	1170	2106	2340
7	4	64-QAM	5/6	260	288.8	540	600	1170	1300	2340	2600
8	4	256-QAM	3/4	312	346.8	648	720	1404	1560	2808	3120
9	4	256-QAM	5/6	N/A	N/A	720	800	1560	1733.2	3120	3466.8

Several companies are currently offering 802.11ac chipsets with higher modulation rates: MCS-10 and MCS-11 (1024-QAM), supported by Quantenna and Broadcom. Although technically not part of 802.11ac, these new MCS indices are expected to become official in the 802.11ax standard (2017-2019), the successor to 802.11ac.

Advertised[edit]

Type	2.4 GHz band^[c] (Mbit/s)	config [all 40 MHz]	5 GHz band (Mbit/s)	config [all 80 MHz]
AC450^[10]	-	-	433	1 stream @ MCS 9
AC600	150	1 stream @ MCS 7	433	1 stream @ MCS 9
AC750	300	2 streams @ MCS 7	433	1 stream @ MCS 9
AC1000	300	2 streams @ MCS 7	650	2 streams @ MCS 7
AC1200	300	2 streams @ MCS 7	867	2 streams @ MCS 9
AC1300	400	2 streams @ MCS 9	867	2 streams @ MCS 9
AC1300^[11]	-	-	1,300	3 streams @ MCS 9
AC 1350^[12]	450	3 streams @ MCS 7	867	2 streams @ MCS 9
AC1450	450	3 streams @ MCS 7	975	3 streams @ MCS 7
AC1600	300	2 streams @ MCS 7	1,300	3 streams @ MCS 9
AC1750	450	3 streams @ MCS 7	1,300	3 streams @ MCS 9
AC1900	600^[d]	3 streams @ MCS 9	1,300	3 streams @ MCS 9
AC2200	450	3 streams @ MCS 7	1,733	4 streams @ MCS 9
AC2300	600	4 streams @ MCS 7	1,625	5 streams @ MCS 7
AC2350	600	4 streams @ MCS 7	1,733	4 streams @ MCS 9
AC2600	800^[d]	4 streams @ MCS 9	1,733	4 streams @ MCS 9
AC3000	450	3 streams @ MCS 7	1,300 + 1,300	3 streams @ MCS 9 x 2
AC3150	1000^[e]	4 streams @ 1024-QAM	2,167	4 streams @ 1024-QAM
AC3200	600^[d]	3 streams @ MCS 9	1,300 + 1,300^[f]	3 streams @ MCS 9 x 2
AC5000	600	4 streams @ MCS 7	2,167 + 2,167	4 streams @ 1024-QAM x 2
AC5300^[15]	1000^[e]	4 streams @ 1024-QAM	2,167 + 2,167	4 streams @ 1024-QAM x 2

Products[edit]

Commercial routers and access points[edit]

Quantenna released the first 802.11ac chipset for retail Wi-Fi routers and consumer electronics on November 15, 2011.^[16] Redpine Signals released the first low power 802.11ac technology for smartphone application processors on December 14, 2011.^[17] On January 5, 2012, Broadcom announced its first 802.11ac Wi-Fi chips and partners^[18] and on April 27, 2012, Netgear announced the first Broadcom-enabled router.^[19] On May 14, 2012, Buffalo Technology released the world’s first 802.11ac products to market, releasing a wireless router and client bridge adapter.^[20] On December 6, 2012, Huawei announced commercial availability of the industry's first enterprise-level 802.11ac Access Point.^[21]

Apple Inc. is selling 802.11ac versions of its AirPort Extreme and AirPort Time Capsule products.^[22] Motorola Solutions is selling 802.11ac access points including the AP 8232.^[23] In April 2014, Hewlett-Packard started selling the HP 560 access point in the controller-based WLAN enterprise market segment.^[24]

Commercial laptops[edit]

On June 7, 2012, it was reported that Asus had unveiled its ROG G75VX gaming notebook, which would be the first consumer-oriented notebook to be fully compliant with 802.11ac^[25] (albeit in its "draft 2.0" version).

In June 2013, Apple announced that the new MacBook Air features 802.11ac wireless networking capabilities,^[26]^[27] later announcing in October 2013 that the MacBook Pro and Mac Pro also featured 802.11ac.^[28]^[29]

As of December 2013^[update], Hewlett-Packard incorporates 802.11ac compliance in laptop computers.^[30]

Commercial handsets[edit]

Vendor	Model	Release Date	Chipset	Notes
HTC	One (M7)	March 22, 2013	BCM4335 ^[31]	First 802.11ac-enabled handset announced February 19, 2013^[32]
Samsung	Galaxy S4	April 26, 2013	BCM4335 ^[33]
Samsung	Galaxy Note 3	September 25, 2013	BCM4339 ^[34]	Subsequent Devices Include 802.11ac
LG	LG Nexus 5	October 2013^[35]	BCM4339 ^[36]	BCM4339 is the updated version of the BCM4335
Nokia	Lumia 1520	November 2013^[37]	WCN3680	First 802.11ac-enabled Windows Phone
Nokia	Lumia Icon	February 20, 2014^[38]	WCN3680	Lumia 930 is Europe version of the same phone, also with 802.11ac
HTC	One (M8)	March 25, 2014	WCN3680 ^[39]
Samsung	Galaxy S5	April 11, 2014	BCM4354^[40]
LG	G2	September 18, 2013	AWL9581 ^[41]
LG	G3	May 23, 2014	BCM4339 ^[42]
Amazon.com	Fire Phone	July 25, 2014 ^[43]	WCN3680 ^[44]
Samsung	Galaxy S5 Prime/SM-G906S	June 18, 2014	QCA6174
Samsung	Galaxy Alpha	September 7, 2014	E702A7^[45]
Apple	iPhone 6	September 19, 2014	BCM4345^[46]	First 802.11ac-enabled iOS device, along with iPhone 6 Plus
Apple	iPhone 6 Plus	September 19, 2014	BCM4345^[46]	First 802.11ac-enabled iOS device, along with iPhone 6
Motorola	Nexus 6	October 16, 2014	BCM4356^[47]
Samsung	Galaxy Note 4	October 10, 2014	BCM4358^[48]
Samsung	Galaxy Note 5	August 21, 2015	BCM4359 ^[49]

Commercial tablets[edit]

Vendor	Model	Release Date	Chipset	Notes
Microsoft	Surface Pro 3	June 20, 2014	Avastar 88W8897	802.11ac-enabled touchscreen computing device
Apple	iPad Air 2	October 24, 2014	Broadcom BCM4350	First 802.11ac-enabled iOS tablet device
Google	Nexus 9	November 3, 2014	Nvidia Tegra K1	2x2 MIMO

Chipsets[edit]

Vendor	Part #	Streams	LDPC	TxBF	256-QAM	Applications
Broadcom	BCM43602	3				routers, laptops
Broadcom	BCM4360	3				routers, laptops
Broadcom	BCM43569	2				DTV
Broadcom	BCM4352	2				tablets
Broadcom	BCM4350	2				tablets
Broadcom	BCM4356	2				handsets, tablets
Broadcom	BCM4354	2				handsets, tablets
Broadcom	BCM4339	1				handsets
Broadcom	BCM4335	1				handsets
Broadcom	BCM4359	2				handsets
Broadcom	BCM43455	1				handsets
Marvell	Avastar 88W8897	2				tablets
Marvell	Avastar 88W8864	3				routers
Qualcomm	WCN3680	1				handsets
Qualcomm		2				tablets
Qualcomm	QCA9880	3				home routers
Qualcomm		3				enterprise routers
Qualcomm	QCA9892	2				tablets, PtP Links
Qualcomm		4				enterprise access points
Qualcomm	QCA9992	3				enterprise access points
MediaTek	MT7610	1	?	?	?	PC (PCIe or USB)
MediaTek	[ MT7650]	1	?			handsets
MediaTek	MT7612E	2				laptops (PCIe 2.0)
MediaTek		2				laptops (USB 3.0)
Quantenna	QAC2300	4				routers
Redpine Signals	RS9117	1		?		handsets
Redpine Signals	RS9333	3		?		routers
Realtek	RTL8811AU	1	?	?	?	adapter (USB 2.0)
Realtek	RTL8812AU	2	?	?	?	adapter (USB 3.0)
Intel	AC-3160	1	?	?	?	laptops
Intel	AC-7260	2	?	?	?	laptops

Notes[edit]

^ MCS 9 is not applicable to all channel width/spatial stream combinations.
^ A second stream doubles the theoretical data rate, a third one triples it, etc.
^ 802.11ac only specifies operation in the 5 GHz band. Operation in the 2.4 GHz band is specified by 802.11n.
^ ^a ^b ^c With 802.11n, 600 Mbit/s in the 2.4 GHz band can be achieved by using four spatial streams at 150 Mbit/s each. As of December 2014^[update], commercially available devices that achieve 600 Mbit/s in the 2.4 GHz band use 3 spatial streams at 200 Mbit/s each.^[13]^[14] This requires the use of 256-QAM modulation, which is not compliant with 802.11n and can be considered a proprietary extension.^[14]
^ ^a ^b With proprietary extension to 802.11n, using 40MHz channel in 2.4GHz, 400ns guard interval, 1024-QAM, and 4 spatial streams.
^ As of December 2014^[update], commercially available AC3200 devices use two separate radios with 1,300 Mbit/s each to achieve 2,600 Mbit/s total in the 5 GHz band.

References[edit]

^ "Official IEEE 802.11 Working Group Project Timelines". 2012-11-03.
^ Kelly, Vivian (2014-01-07). "New IEEE 802.11ac™ Specification Driven by Evolving Market Need for Higher, Multi-User Throughput in Wireless LANs". IEEE. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
^ Kassner, Michael (2013-06-18). "Cheat sheet: What you need to know about 802.11ac". TechRepublic. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
^ ^a ^b "802.11ac: A Survival Guide". Chimera.labs.oreilly.com. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
^ ^a ^b "6 things you need to know about 802.11ac Wave 2". techrepublic.com. 2016-07-13. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
^ "IEEE 802.11ac: from channelization to multi-user MIMO". IEEExplore. 2013-10-08. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
^ de Vegt, Rolf (2008-11-10). "802.11ac Usage Models Document".
^ "ASUS RT-AC56U & USB-AC56 802.11AC Review". Hardwarecanucks.com. Retrieved 2014-04-24.
^ "IEEE Std 802.11ac™-2013 - 22.5 Parameters for VHT-MCSs" (PDF). IEEE. 2013-12-11. pp. 323–339. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
^ "AC580 USB Wireless Adapter Roundup". SmallNetBuilder.com. 2014-11-04. Retrieved 2018-01-02.
^ "Linksys WUMC710 Wireless-AC Universal Media Connector Reviewed". SmallNetBuilder.com. 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ "Archer C59". TP-LINK.com. 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
^ Ganesh, T S (2014-09-02). "Netgear R7500 Nighthawk X4 Integrates Quantenna 4x4 ac Radio and Qualcomm IPQ8064 SoC". anandtech.com. Retrieved 2014-09-08.
^ ^a ^b Higgins, Tim (2013-10-08). "AC1900: Innovation or 3D Wi-Fi?". smallnetbuilder.com. Retrieved 2014-09-08.
^ Ngo, Dong. "Netgear R8500 Nighthawk X8 AC5300 Smart WiFi Router review". CNET.com. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ "Quantenna Launches World's First 802.11ac Gigabit-Wireless Solution for Retail Wi-Fi Routers and Consumer Electronics" (Press release). Quantenna. 2011-11-15.
^ "Redpine Signals Releases First Ultra Low Power 802.11ac Technology for Smartphone Application Processors" (Press release). Redpine Signals. 2011-12-14. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
^ "Broadcom Launches First Gigabit Speed 802.11ac Chips - Opens 2012 CES with 5th Generation (5G) Wi-Fi Breakthrough" (Press release). Broadcom. 2012-01-05. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
^ "Netgear's R6300 router is first to use Broadcom 802.11ac chipset, will ship next month for $200". Engadget. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ "Buffalo's 802.11ac Wireless Solutions Available Now" (Press release). Austin, Texas: Buffalo Technology (via PRNewswire). May 14, 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
^ "Huawei Announces Commercial Availability of Industry's First Enterprise-level 802.11ac Access Point". Huawei. 6 December 2012.
^ "Apple - Mac - Airport Express". Apple.com. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ "Motorola Modular Access Points Performance Review". broadbandlanding.com. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
^ "HP Launches the HP 560 802.11ac Access Point". HP. 2014-03-31.
^ "Asus gaming notebook first to feature full 802.11ac". Electronista. 2012-06-07. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
^ "Apple unveils new MacBook Air lineup with all-day battery life, 802.11ac Wi-Fi". AppleInsider. 2013-06-11. Retrieved 2013-06-11.
^ "Apple - Macbook Air". Apple.com. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ "MacBook Pro with Retina display - Technical Specifications". Apple. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
^ "Mac Pro - Technical Specifications". Apple. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
^ "HP ENVY TouchSmart 17-j043cl Notebook PC Product Specifications HP ENVY TouchSmart 17-j043cl Notebook PC | HP Support". H10025.www1.hp.com. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
^ "HTC One Teardown". iFixit.com. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ "HTC One M8 | HTC United States | HTC United States". Htc.com. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ "Inside the Samsung Galaxy S4 - Recent Teardowns". Web.archive.org. 27 April 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
^ "Cellular, WiFi, Speaker & Noise Rejection - Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Review". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ "LG Nexus 5 - Full phone specifications". Gsmarena.com. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ "Nexus 5 Teardown". iFixit.com. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ "Nokia Lumia 1520 Specifications - Microsoft - USA". Microsoft.com. 2014-07-23. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ "Nokia Lumia Icon". Nokia. Retrieved 2014-11-10.
^ "HTC One (M8) Teardown". iFixit.com. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ "Samsung Galaxy S5 Hits Stores, Chock Full of Broadcom Tech - Broadcom Connected". Web.archive.org. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ "First Look: LG G3 Teardown – uBreakiFix Blog". Ubreakifix.com. 2014-05-30. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ "Amazon Fire Phone - 13MP Camera, 32GB - Shop Now". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
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^ ^a ^b "Exclusive Video Teardown: Apple iPhone 6 | Electronics360". Electronics360.globalspec.com. 2014-09-23. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ "Nexus 6 Teardown". iFixit.com. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ "WiFi Performance, GNSS, Misc. - The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Review". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ "Video Performance, WiFi Performance, and GNSS Performance - The Samsung Galaxy Note5 and Galaxy S6 edge+ Review". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 2016-08-08.

External links[edit]

[9] MCS 9 is not applicable to all channel width/spatial stream combinations.

[11] A second stream doubles the theoretical data rate, a third one triples it, etc.

[12] 802.11ac only specifies operation in the 5 GHz band. Operation in the 2.4 GHz band is specified by 802.11n.

[24GHz256QAM-18] With 802.11n, 600 Mbit/s in the 2.4 GHz band can be achieved by using four spatial streams at 150 Mbit/s each. As of December 2014^[update], commercially available devices that achieve 600 Mbit/s in the 2.4 GHz band use 3 spatial streams at 200 Mbit/s each.^[13]^[14] This requires the use of 256-QAM modulation, which is not compliant with 802.11n and can be considered a proprietary extension.^[14]

[24GHz1024QAM-19] With proprietary extension to 802.11n, using 40MHz channel in 2.4GHz, 400ns guard interval, 1024-QAM, and 4 spatial streams.

[ac3200-20] As of December 2014^[update], commercially available AC3200 devices use two separate radios with 1,300 Mbit/s each to achieve 2,600 Mbit/s total in the 5 GHz band.

[timelines-1] "Official IEEE 802.11 Working Group Project Timelines". 2012-11-03.

[80211ac-approved-2] Kelly, Vivian (2014-01-07). "New IEEE 802.11ac™ Specification Driven by Evolving Market Need for Higher, Multi-User Throughput in Wireless LANs". IEEE. Retrieved 2014-01-11.

[kassner2013-3] Kassner, Michael (2013-06-18). "Cheat sheet: What you need to know about 802.11ac". TechRepublic. Retrieved 2013-06-20.

[oreilly-802.11ac-4] "802.11ac: A Survival Guide". Chimera.labs.oreilly.com. Retrieved 2014-04-17.

[techrepublic-5] "6 things you need to know about 802.11ac Wave 2". techrepublic.com. 2016-07-13. Retrieved 2018-07-26.

[oscar2013-6] "IEEE 802.11ac: from channelization to multi-user MIMO". IEEExplore. 2013-10-08. Retrieved 2018-06-19.

[7] Vegt, Rolf (2008-11-10). "802.11ac Usage Models Document".

[8] "ASUS RT-AC56U & USB-AC56 802.11AC Review". Hardwarecanucks.com. Retrieved 2014-04-24.

[802.11ac-2013-chapter-22.5-10] "IEEE Std 802.11ac™-2013 - 22.5 Parameters for VHT-MCSs" (PDF). IEEE. 2013-12-11. pp. 323–339. Retrieved 2015-04-13.

[13] "AC580 USB Wireless Adapter Roundup". SmallNetBuilder.com. 2014-11-04. Retrieved 2018-01-02.

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